Baha’i government would be totally tyrannical

The Baha’i Administrative Order, developed by Shoghi Effendi, and derived from the writings of Baha’u’llah and Abdu’l-Baha, is a badly flawed and ineffective mode of government, which would naturally take over an area if the Baha’is ever became the majority of any place on Earth. Here’s why that must NEVER happen:

First, Baha’i elections are run in such a way that there are no nominations, campaigning is forbidden, and the top nine members that get the most votes are elected. As a result, incumbents are virtually guaranteed to win, turnover is extremely low, and the policies of adminstrative bodies cannot be challenged by outsiders at elections. There is no freedom in such elections.

Second, consider this quote from Baha’u’llah himself:
Consider the pettiness of men’s minds. They ask for that which injureth them, and cast away the thing that profiteth them. They are, indeed, of those that are far astray. We find some men desiring liberty, and priding themselves therein. Such men are in the depths of ignorance.

Liberty must, in the end, lead to sedition, whose flames none can quench. Thus warneth you He Who is the Reckoner, the All-Knowing. Know ye that the embodiment of liberty and its symbol is the animal. That which beseemeth man is submission unto such restraints as will protect him from his own ignorance, and guard him against the harm of the mischief-maker. Liberty causeth man to overstep the bounds of propriety, and to infringe on the dignity of his station. It debaseth him to the level of extreme depravity and wickedness.

Regard men as a flock of sheep that need a shepherd for their protection. This, verily, is the truth, the certain truth. We approve of liberty in certain circumstances, and refuse to sanction it in others. We, verily, are the All-Knowing.

Say: True liberty consisteth in man’s submission unto My commandments, little as ye know it. Were men to observe that which We have sent down unto them from the Heaven of Revelation, they would, of a certainty, attain unto perfect liberty. Happy is the man that hath apprehended the Purpose of God in whatever He hath revealed from the Heaven of His Will, that pervadeth all created things. Say: The liberty that profiteth you is to be found nowhere except in complete servitude unto God, the Eternal Truth. Whoso hath tasted of its sweetness will refuse to barter it for all the dominion of earth and heaven.

I think George Orwell would call this sort of thing “doublespeak”. Of course, if you are a Libertarian, this is total nonsense to you. War is peace, freedom is slavery, ignorance is strength. NOT!

Third, Baha’ullah himself made many laws in his writings that for Baha’is can never be challenged or overturned, not even by Baha’i administration bodies. Even worse, the interpretation of those laws by Abdu’l-Baha and Shoghi Effendi also cannot be challenged or overturned. The legislative functions of those bodies, including the Universal House of Justice, are thus extremely limited. Baha’is have NO real freedom!

Consider this testimony from another ex-Baha’i:

http://www.bahai-faith.com/ex-Bahai-10.html

I used to be a member of the Baha’i Faith, and though it has some very good points, it ultimately fails to pass the test of independent investigation. Baha’is usually seek an image as being very liberal and open-minded, to attract seekers no doubt. Once within the community however, you are very limited in terms of how you should feel about any aspect of life… it has to be the “Baha’i Way” or no way. In fact, you may find yourself in a ridiculous situation if you have unique family situations…

Are you adopted? Oh, too bad if you were wanting to get married…. Better hope you can track down your biological parents, or you will face a real nightmare, because you need their permission before you can marry if they are still living. If they, let’s say, don’t like “negroes” and you want to marry interracially, then despite the fact that they have never seen you before in their lives (because they dumped you at an orphanage) you are forbidden to marry, and face severe penalities if you do so anyways. Have you, or anyone you know, had an experience where you faced a four fold conflict with: the love of your life, a biological parent you’ve never met (or a hard-headed parent with predjuices against your love’s race), the Baha’i religious administration, and your own conscience.

Nowhere does the injustice and absurdity of Baha’i law become more obvious than on the issue of homosexuality. This statement from Shoghi Effendi about homosexuality is truly moronic:

No matter how devoted and fine the love may be between people of the same sex, to let it find expression in sexual acts is wrong. To say that it is ideal is no excuse. Immorality of every sort is really forbidden by Baha’u’llah, and homosexual relationships he looks upon as such, besides being against nature…To be afflicted this way is a great burden to a conscientious soul. But through the advice and help doctors, through a strong and determined effort, and through prayer, a soul can overcome this handicap.

There is not a shred of evidence for the assertion in the last sentence. Yet, as a Baha’i, one must accept that claim as absolute truth and ignore the evidence that suggests otherwise. Why? Simply because Shoghi Effendi, the Guardian of the Baha’i Faith, was said to be infallible!

The Universal House of Justice (UHJ) says about the same issue:

http://bahai-library.org/uhj/homosexuality.uhj.html

The Universal House of Justice is authorized to change or repeal its own legislation as conditions change, thus providing Baha’i law with an essential element of flexibility, but it cannot abrogate or change any of the laws which are explicitly laid down in the sacred Texts. It follows, then that the House of Justice has no authority to change this clear teaching on homosexual practice.

Then why bother to have a UHJ at all? It is toothless!

The view that homosexuality is a condition that is not amenable to change is to be questioned by Baha’is. There are, of course, many kinds and degrees of homosexuality, and overcoming extreme conditions is sure to be more difficult than overcoming others. Nevertheless, as noted earlier, the Guardian has stated that “through the advice and help of doctors, through a strong and determined effort, and through prayer, a soul can overcome this handicap.”
      The statistics which indicate that homosexuality is incurable are undoubtedly distorted by the fact that many of those who overcome the problem never speak about it in public, and others solve their problems without even consulting professional counselors.

 

Again, no evidence,  just assertions. The fact that there is a homosexual community even in the face of overwhelming opposition from conservative religious and political forces means that we must reject the Baha’i assumptions in the name of true justice.
From the same letter by the UHJ:

 

 

To regard homosexuals with prejudice and disdain would be entirely against the spirit of Baha’i Teachings. The doors are open for all of humanity to enter the Cause of God, irrespective of their present circumstances; this invitation applies to homosexuals as well as to any others who are engaged in practices contrary to the Baha’i Teachings.

More doublespeak. No thanks, we need better honesty than that.

We need to free ourselves from this sort of dogmatic extremism, not allow ourselves to be led into it once more by idealistic seduction. Do Baha’i teachers tell seekers about their teachings of homosexuality? If I were gay, I would never join any religion that didn’t respect a basic part of my character!

16 thoughts on “Baha’i government would be totally tyrannical

  1. I totally agree that the Baha’i Administrative Order would be a terrible form of government. That’s because it is not designed to be a form of government, it is an administrative system for running a religious community that does not have any clergy. So it has elected councils, called Spiritual Assemblies or Houses of Justice, at the local, national and international level.

    These are not, and never can be, a form of government. Shoghi Effendi writes:

    “Theirs is not the purpose,… to violate, under any circumstances, the provisions of their country’s constitution, much less to allow the machinery of their administration to supersede the government of their respective countries.”
    (Shoghi Effendi, in The World Order of Baha’u’llah 66.)

    Abdu’l-Baha wrote:

    “Should they place in the arena the crown of the government of the whole world, and invite each one of us to accept it, undoubtedly we shall not condescend, and shall refuse to accept it.” ( Tablets of the Divine Plan 51)

    The signature of that meeting should be the Spiritual Gathering (House of Spirituality) and the wisdom therein is that hereafter the government should not infer from the term “House of Justice” that a court is signified, that it is connected with political affairs, or that at any time it will interfere with governmental affairs. … (Tablets of Abdu’l-Baha Abbas vol. 1, page 5).

    “One of their many calumnies was that this servant had raised aloft a banner in this city, had summoned the people together under it, had established a new sovereignty for himself, … and, God forbid, had purposed to cause the gravest breach in the mighty power of the Crown.
    May the Lord protect us from such atrocious falsehoods! According to the direct and sacred command of God … We must obey and be the well-wishers of the governments of the land, … With these final and decisive words, how can it be that these imprisoned ones should indulge in such vain fancies; incarcerated, how could they show forth such disloyalty!” (Will and Testament of Abdu’l-Baha, pages 7-8)

    Baha’u’llah writes:

    “The one true God, exalted be His glory, hath ever regarded, and will continue to regard, the hearts of men as His own, His exclusive possession. All else, whether pertaining to land or sea, whether riches or glory, He hath bequeathed unto the Kings and rulers of the earth. From the beginning that hath no beginning the ensign proclaiming the words “He doeth whatsoever He willeth” hath been unfurled in all its splendor before His Manifestation. What mankind needeth in this day is obedience unto them that are in authority, and a faithful adherence to the cord of wisdom. The instruments which are essential to the immediate protection, the security and assurance of the human race have been entrusted to the hands, and lie in the grasp, of the governors of human society. This is the wish of God and His decree…. .” (Gleanings, CII 206-7)

    “He Who is the Spirit (Jesus) — may peace be upon Him — was asked: “O Spirit of God! Is it lawful to give tribute to Caesar or not?” And He made reply: “Yea, render to Caesar the things that are Caesar’s and to God the things that are God’s.” He forbade it not. These two sayings are, in the estimation of men of insight, one and the same, for if that which belonged to Caesar had not come from God, He would have forbidden it.
    (Epistle to the Son of the Wolf, p. 89)

    etc.. etc… The separation of Church and State is one of the core Bahai principles, and the absolute impossibility of the Administrative Order is fixed in the texts above and many similar ones. There’s a compilation of these scriptural texts at:

    Compilation on Church and State

    As for the question of liberty, Juan Cole has dealt with this in his Modernity and the Millenium. Towards the end of Baha’u’llah’s life, the anarchist movement was taking off, and he reacted to it. But he is a clear advocate of civil freedoms (as distinct from liberty): freedom of religion, of expression, of the press, and also freedom of trade. Abdu’l-Baha likewise was very enthusiastic about the freedoms he found in America. The difference, I think, is that liberty refers to a freedom from law and government, whereas freedoms are created by law and guaranteed by government (government in the broad sense: usually freedoms are guaranteed primarily by the constitution and courts).

    As for the laws that cannot be changed: all the laws to do with acts of worship have to be observed according to the Book, and the houses of justice have no say in them. This contrasts to the situation in most churches, where the church administration (eg papacy, chief pooh-bah, Lambeth Council etc..) decided on liturgical matters. In the Bahai Faith, the church administration has no say on these matters, which places them squarely in the hands of the individual, who reads what the scriptures say and decides for him/herself how to apply it.

    On the other hand, the House of Justice and National Assemblies can decide on and change other areas of law. For example, is a common law marriage are “marriage” recognised by the Bahai Administration? The answer may well be different in Brazil (where they are the norm) and in Germany.

    The point you make about marriage permission from actual parents is also not so simple: even if you do know your actual parent, you do not necessarily need their permission. The situation that comes up most often is where a father has abused his children – doing so is considered as effectually renouncing the claims of parenthood, and children of such a father are – generally speaking – not required to get his permission. Abandoning an infant would fall in the same category, but in each case the assembly or House of Justice has to decide, and the rights of parents are not lightly set aside. The rights of a natural parent are not *automatically* voided by legal adoption, but they can be voided and renounced.

    The letter about homosexuality you attribute to the Guardian is in fact from his secretary. In any case, the Guardian says explicitly that the Guardian cannot legislate, that is, that what the Guardian says does not become Bahai law. He even says that a Guardian cannot override an enactment made by the UHJ.

    He cannot override …

    So the UHJ’s hands are not tied: how much they may change is a question of the understanding and will of the elected members (except for matters of worship). Change takes time, but that’s what you would expect in a global religious community. Look at the issue of homosexuality in the Anglican church: what seems enlightened and self-evidently right in San Fransisco may be a step or six too far to go in Uganda or Samoa. The more widely spread a community is, the longer it takes to get consensus on culturally sensitive issues.

    ~~ Sen McGlinn

    • “I totally agree that the Baha’i Administrative Order would be a terrible form of government.”

      You really should have stopped there, for then you would have been honest.

      I am not so naive as to think that Baha’is, once they become the majority of the people in any part of the world, will not violate the civil rights of any remaining non-Baha’is. The references you made to the Central Figures denying any ambition to soverignty is the sort of thing they would say to keep them from being arrested and executed for treason by the authorities of their time. Remember, Baha’u’llah and Abdu’l-Baha were prisoners for many years, and the threat of execution hung over their heads. So of course they would deny publicly what they may have intended privately!

      Just as Christianity and Islam has caused so much evil in the world by people taking statements out of context made in their scriptures, so will people of the Baha’i Faith. It is human nature, sadly.

      It does not matter who actually wrote the Guardian’s statement on homosexuality, for it was written in HIS NAME and it has been quoted as his statement, therefore it is Baha’i Law! Shoghi Effendi was acting as the INTERPRETER of Baha’ullah’s writings when he defined the prohibition of homosexuality, not a legislator. But his word is still absolute according to Baha’is.

  2. Dear Dale,

    I would encourage you highly to post this blog and any additional thoughts you might have on the subject to the site http://www.iranian.com. Currently the Baha’is are opportunistically using the occasion of the implosion of the theocracy in Iran to advertise their own brand of theofascism to a largely secular Iranian crowd. Since you are not an Iranian it would be nearly impossible for you to be accused by the Bahais of being an agent of the Islamic Republic.

    Please open an account over there and offer your views.

    Best regards,

    Wahid Azal

    • I was unable to create an account at the website in question, but Wahid Azal was still able to post a copy of my blog there:
      http://iranian.com/main/blog/zulfiqar110/baha-i-government-would-be-totally-tyrannical

      There was one positive response so far:

      ALL regligion-base government are…tyrannical! If a Bahai argues that a government based on the Bahai religion will be any different than, for example, the current Eslamic government, I’ll be the first one to criticize it. But if the issue is to consider Iranian Bahais as full citizens who must be protected by the constitution, I’m all for it.
      by Ostaad on Mon Aug 10, 2009 12:23 PM PDT

      Dale Husband: I agree with this. Baha’is’ rights should never be violated by an Islamic government or any other.

      The denialist responses from Baha’is were about what I expected:

      Ey morghe Hazin dont you worry, there will not be a Bahai Government. The aim of the Bahai, Gods’ teachings is to change your self destructive hate and agitation into peace, not to change your government. What good will it do to change government with the same people like you with different names. Look how many times you have had to change your name and you are still the same afflicted soul.

      By the way ghamgini is only trying to steal the spot light and detract people from the atrocities being committed in Iran by his brothers. They have used this tactic for the past 160 years with Bahais and before that.. . Every time there is discontent with the government they find Bahais as their sacrificial lamb.
      by Waters on Sun Aug 09, 2009 03:01 PM PDT

      Nima Hazini/Wahid Azal/Zulf…and all your future aliases..Take your meds ; you might learn to distort less, tell less Lies, Tell the truth more and hopefully need less of your prescriptions…
      by faryarm on Sun Aug 09, 2009 01:46 PM PDT

      This attack on the Baha’i Faith is quite a distortion of reality – as are most, if not all, such attacks. I will limit myself to a few comments.

      Firstly, if you think that the nominating and campaigning process currently existing in the political process makes for a good selection of leaders, I am simply amazed. The whole injection of money, special interests, and ego into the political process both greatly limits the choice of the people and also creates an incredibly corrupt government. Now……this process may be preferable to a more tyrannical form of government – but it is far from ideal. Over the past 39 years, I have seen the Baha’i electoral process on a local, national and international level and it is a simple beautiful and spiritual process – that allows people complete freedom of choice – while avoiding the corruptive influences that are inherant in the current political processes around the world. The process is this:

      On a local level, all adult Baha’is gather together and, after prayerfully considering those who can best ‘combine the necessary qualities of unquestioned loyalty, of selfless devotion, of a well-trained mind, of recognized ability and mature experience”.and, after privately casting their ballot, the 9 people with the most votes form the Local Spiritual Assembly. The community is then asked if they accept the reults of the election. (Basically, the same process takes place on a national and international level – except that it happens every 5 years on the international level.)

      Now, while it may be true that, thus far, the Baha’is elect incumbants to a great degree, they have the complete freedom in their choice and complete freedom in their questioning the results of the election – so where is the fault with this?

      As far aThe requirements for Baha’i marriage are simple. First the man and woman must decide for themselves that they want to be married (ie, no arranged marriages by parents & relatives). Secondly, they must get permission from all living parents – unless there are extreme cases of mental incompetency, etc. Thirdly, they must repeat the vow ‘We will all, verily, abide by the Will of God’ in front of 2 witnesses approved by the Local Spiritual Assembly. That’s it! Very simple – although Baha’is can add prayers, readings, music, etc to the marriage ceremony.

      As far as the comments on homosexual behavior – yes, such behavior is not morally acceptable according to Baha’i law but neither is heterosexual behavior outside of marriage. Baha’is do not judge anyone – but, as Baha’u’llah has given us very high moral standards (including no alcohol, drugs, etc,) as Baha’is we must do our best to try to overcome our weaknesses – even though it may take a lifetime to do so.

      The real question is: is Baha’u’llah a Messenger from God? If He is, then from a Baha’i point of view, such questioning is irrelevant – except in our attempts to understand His laws and teachings. If He is not a Messenger, then He suffered in prison and exile for over 40 years for nothing – as did 10s of thousands who have given their life (and are still doing so) over the past 165 years – mostly in Iran.

      Baha’u’llah says that we should not blindly follow our ancestors, religious leaders, etc – that we need to think and see for ourselves. So….I encourage you to rid yourselves of whatever prejudices you have learned in the past and, with an open mind, investigate.
      by Alrandolin on Sun Aug 09, 2009 09:19 AM PDT

      Dale Husband: So this is what Baha’is do when they are confronted with the absurdity of their dogmas: Personal attacks, innuendo, and parroting the talking points instead of dealing with the real issues I raised! I’m glad I’m no longer one of them!

  3. There’s a couple of words omitted in my posting above — it should read

    The separation of Church and State is one of the core Bahai principles, and the absolute impossibility of the Administrative Order BECOMING A GOVERNMENT is fixed in the texts above and many similar ones. There’s a compilation of these scriptural texts at:

    Compilation on Church and State

    • From the iranian.com website:

      Anti-Bahaism is fed by lies and fears
      by Sen McGlinn on Thu Aug 13, 2009 01:31 AM PDT

      Zulfiqar says:

      The Baha’i Administrative Order, … is a badly flawed and
      ineffective mode of government, which would naturally take over an area if the Baha’is ever became the majority of any place on Earth

      But Shoghi Effendi, who developed this Administrative Order, tells the Bahais they must never “allow the machinery of their administration to supersede the government
      of their respective countries.” Anyone who wishes can read what Shoghi Effendi wrote here,
      http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/WOB/wob-34.html#pg66
      and can see what purpose he intended the Administrative Order to serve: it is simply the authority that administers the affairs of the Bahai community, which does not have any priesthood, no Mullahs, Ayatollahs. The Bahai Administrative Order is not permitted to interfere at all in political matters, as Abdu’l-Baha commanded ;

      “Should they place in the arena the crown of the government of the
      whole world, and invite each one of us to accept it, undoubtedly we
      shall not condescend, and shall refuse to accept it.” ( Tablets of the Divine Plan 51)

      ~~ Sen McGlinn ~~

      Are you admitting that Baha’is are not destined to become the dominant religion anywhere, and thus the Administrative Order would have no potential to replace the governments of the world? Otherwise, why keep secular governments intact if those non-Baha’is who created and are loyal to them eventually end up in a small minority in most places?

      Sorry, but that makes no sense to me. The whole premise of the Baha’i Faith is that the world is corrupt and that the Baha’i Faith can bring in a New Age for humanity. It can’t really do that if it remains a small, insignificant minority in all parts of the world. And if the Baha’is ever do dominate the world, they will take it upon themselves to nullify any secular laws and governments in their zeal to “purify” the world. Shoghi Effendi’s denials that Baha’is should do this are nonsense, because they flatly ignore human nature. Thus it is clear to me that Baha’is are doomed to fail. Most people will not join them when they see how it is run, or they will leave it, as I eventually did.

      Shoghi Effendi wrote:

      Let them refrain from associating themselves, whether by word or by deed, with the political pursuits of their respective nations, with the policies of their governments and the schemes and programs of parties and factions. In such controversies they should assign no blame, take no side, further no design, and identify themselves with no system prejudicial to the best interests of that world-wide Fellowship which it is their aim to guard and foster.

      In other words, isolate yourselves from the real political world out there.

      It should be made unmistakably clear that such an attitude implies neither the slightest indifference to the cause and interests of their own country, nor involves any insubordination on their part to the authority of recognized and established governments. Nor does it constitute a repudiation of their sacred obligation to promote, in the most effective manner, the best interests of their government and people.

      I consider this to be an outright contradiction to the earlier quote.

      As the number of the Bahá’í communities in various parts of the world multiplies and their power, as a social force, becomes increasingly apparent, they will no doubt find themselves increasingly subjected to the pressure which men of authority and influence, in the political domain, will exercise in the hope of obtaining the support they require for the advancement of their aims…..Let them proclaim that in whatever country they reside, and however advanced their institutions, or profound their desire to enforce the laws, and apply the principles, enunciated by Bahá’u’lláh, they will, unhesitatingly, subordinate the operation of such laws and the application of such principles to the requirements and legal enactments of their respective governments. Theirs is not the purpose, while endeavoring to conduct and perfect the administrative affairs of their Faith, to violate, under any circumstances, the provisions of their country’s constitution, much less to allow the machinery of their administration to supersede the government of their respective countries.

      In other words, the Baha’i Faith and its communities are completely useless at changing the world, since to do so it would have to eventually change the political structure of the societies they are part of, and the Guardian is denying that Baha’is are to do this.

      It should also be borne in mind that the very extension of the activities in which we are engaged, and the variety of the communities which labor under divers forms of government, so essentially different in their standards, policies, and methods, make it absolutely essential for all those who are the declared members of any one of these communities to avoid any action that might, by arousing the suspicion or exciting the antagonism of any one government, involve their brethren in fresh persecutions or complicate the nature of their task. How else, might I ask, could such a far-flung Faith, which transcends political and social boundaries, which includes within its pale so great a variety of races and nations, which will have to rely increasingly, as it forges ahead, on the good-will and support of the diversified and contending governments of the earth—how else could such a Faith succeed in preserving its unity, in safeguarding its interests, and in ensuring the steady and peaceful development of its institutions?

      Good question! I doubt there is a realistic answer.

      Difficult and delicate though be our task, the sustaining power of Bahá’u’lláh and of His Divine guidance will assuredly assist us if we follow steadfastly in His way, and strive to uphold the integrity of His laws.

      The Baha’i Faith has LAWS, and the Universal House of Justice has the authority to LEGISLATE, and that is what a government does, period! How the hell can the Baha’i Writings contradict themselves so rediculously?!

      Sen McGlinn, you are either totally brainwashed or totally dishonest, but you are NOT credible here!

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  5. More damning evidence that the Baha’i Faith can be compared with authoritarian types of governments, like Communism, can be found here:

    http://www.bahairesources.com/products.php?id=4562

    In the new Five Year Plan which will stretch from 2006 to 2011, the Baha’is of the world will enter the midpoint of that series of Plans, beginning in 1996 and continuing for a quarter century until the year 2021.

    This booklet contains both the Ridvan message of 2005, as well as the letters of 2005 and the Ridvan letter of 2006 making up the Five Year Plan.

    Compare that with this:

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_for_the_National_Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union

    The Five-Year Plans for the National Economy of the Soviet Union (Russian: пятилетка, Pyatiletka) were a series of nation-wide centralized exercises in rapid economic development in the Soviet Union. The plans were developed by a state planning committee based on the Theory of Productive Forces that was part of the general guidelines of the Communist Party for economic development. Fulfilling the plan became the watchword of Soviet bureaucracy. (See Overview of the Soviet economic planning process) The same method of planning was also adopted by most other communist states, including the People’s Republic of China. In addition, several capitalist states have emulated the concept of central planning, though in the context of a market economy, by setting integrated economic goals for a finite period of time. Thus are found “Seven-year Plans” and “Twelve-Year Plans”. Nazi Germany emulated the practice in its Four Year Plan designed to bring Germany to war-readiness.

    Several five-year plans did not take up the full period of time assigned to them (some were successfully completed earlier than expected, while others failed and were abandoned). The initial five-year plans were created to serve in the rapid industrialization of the Soviet Union, and thus placed a major focus on heavy industry. Altogether, there were 13 five-year plans. The first one was accepted in 1928, for the five year period from 1929 to 1933, and completed one year early. The last, thirteenth Five-Year Plan was for the period from 1991 to 1995 and was not completed, as the Soviet Union was dissolved in 1991.

    Also see:
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_China

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_India

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_Romania

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_Vietnam

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